Ordu-Texas belgeseli – Osman Gürsoy’un ilham veren yol hikayesi!
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Monthly Archives: February 2017
Hard out here for a pimp
You know it's hard out here for a pimp (you ain't knowin)
When he tryin to get this money for the rent (you ain't knowin)
For the Cadillacs and gas money spent (you ain't knowin)
[1] Cause a whole lota bitches jumpin ship
[2] Will have a whole lota bitches jumpin ship (you ain't knowin)
[Djay]
In my eyes I done seen some crazy thangs in the streets
Gotta couple hoes workin on the changes for me
But I gotta keep my game tight like Kobe on game night
Like takin from a ho don't know no better, I know that ain't right
Done seen people killed, done seen people deal
Done seen people live in poverty with no meals
It's fucked up where I live, but that's just how it is
It might be new to you, but it's been like this for years
It's blood sweat and tears when it come down to this shit
I'm tryin to get rich 'fore I leave up out this bitch
I'm tryin to have thangs but it's hard fo' a pimp
But I'm prayin and I'm hopin to God I don't slip, yeah
[Chorus]
[Djay]
Man it seems like I'm duckin dodgin bullets everyday
Niggaz hatin on me cause I got, hoes on the tray
But I gotta stay paid, gotta stay above water
Couldn't keep up with my hoes, that's when shit got harder
North Memphis where I'm from, I'm 7th Street bound
Where niggaz all the time end up lost and never found
Man these girls think we prove thangs, leave a big head
They come hopin every night, they don't end up bein dead
Wait I got a snow bunny, and a black girl too
You pay the right price and they'll both do you
That's the way the game goes, gotta keep it strictly pimpin
Gotta have my hustle tight, makin change off these women, yeah
Category
Music
License
Standard YouTube License
AKM’nin akıbeti: Bir yılan hikayesi
Atatürk Kültür Merkezi sekiz yıldır, kaderine terk edilmiş bir halde Taksim’in bir ucunda sessizce bekliyor. 2008-2013 yılları arasında yenileme teşebbüsünde bulunulsa da, son üç yıldır tek bir kazma vurulmuyor. Çünkü zaman zaman hortlayan bir ‘yıkma’ sevdasıdır gidiyor.
Önünde her daim bir hareketliliğin olduğu, sadece bir broşür ya da girişindeki gişeden oyun bileti almak için sıklıkla uğranılan, akşamları içerideki ışıkların Taksim’i aydınlattığı günler. Belli bir yaş grubunun ilk oyun, ilk opera, ilk bale temsilini izlediği sahne. Şimdi sadece binaya bakmak isteseniz bile, ya bir film afişi ya da gündeme uygun bir poster görüyorsunuz. Zamanında içeriden dışarıyı, dışarıdan içeriyi rahatlıkla görebilmek için dış cephenin özellikle cam olarak tasarlandığı AKM, hala orada ama artık nefes almıyor.
Son oyun, 31 Mayıs 2008
31 Mayıs 2008’de 16. Uluslararası İstanbul Tiyatro Festivali’nde Danimarkalı topluluğun ‘Operation: Orfeo’ isimli oyunu, AKM’de oynanan son oyun oldu. Ardından, 2010 Avrupa Kültür Başkenti etkinliklerinde açılmak üzere kapılar, bir daha açılmamak üzere kapandı.
“Taksim’de alışılmışın dışında bir hareket vardı”
1940’lı yıllarda, nüfusu 800 bin civarında olan İstanbul için bir opera binasının yapılmasını isteyen kişi dönemin İstanbul Valisi ve Belediye Başkanı olan Dr. Lütfi Kırdar’dı. 4 bin kişilik Harbiye Açıkhava Tiyatrosu ve 2 bin 700 kişilik opera binasının yapılmasına önayak olması, İstanbul kültür hayatı için önemli adımlardı. 29 Mayıs 1946’da İstanbul Kültür Sarayı’nın temeli atıldı. Kırdar’ın arzusu İstanbul’un fethinin 500. yılında İstanbul Kültür Sarayı’nın açılmasıydı. Fakat açılış bu tarihe yetişmedi. Daha sonra 1956 yılında Yüksek Mühendis Mimar Dr. Hayati Tabanlıoğlu projenin başına geçti ve inşaata yeniden başladı. Zaman zaman yaşanan ödenek sorunlarından Tabanlıoğlu, Arkitekt dergisinde şöyle bahsetmişti:
“İstanbul Kültür Merkezi, iyi niyetlerle başlanıp kanunun özellikleri dolayısıyla inşaat ve tatbikatında türlü safhalar geçirmiş çileli bir yapıdır, fakat veriler ve içinde bulunulan şartlar ne olursa olsun mimarın çözümleyip sonuçlandırması gerekli şerefli görevdir.”
Tabanlıoğlu 1969 yılında İstanbul Kültür Sarayı’nı bitirdi ve 12 Nisan’da binanın görkemli bir açılışı yapıldı. Açılış için sahnelenecek eser seçimi de sorun oldu ve en sonunda Çeşmebaşı balesi ve ardından Aida operası seçildi.
Hayat dergisinin 24 Nisan 1969 tarihli sayısında, İstanbul Kültür Sarayı’nın açılışına şöyle yer verilmişti:
“Taksim alanında, alışılmışın dışında bir hareket vardı. Alana açılan yollar boyunca beyaz miğferli toplum polisleri sıra sıra dizilmiş, binanın çevresine de itfaiyeciler yerleştirilmişti. Otomobillerinin kapıya kadar gelmesini bekleyemeyenler, alanın ortasında inip, uzun tuvaletlerinin eteklerini tutarak hızla içeri koşuyorlardı.”
Kültür Sarayı açılalı daha iki sene olmamıştı ki, Arthur Miller’ın Cadı Kazanı oyunu esnasında, sahnenin üstünde çıkan yangın sonrası binanın yarısından büyük bölümü kül oldu. Temsili izlemeye gelen binlerce insanın rahatlıkla tahliyesi sağlandı ama yangının nedeni bulunamadı. Yangının ardından Tabanlıoğlu binayı onardı ve bina 1978’de dönemin Kültür Bakanı Talât Sait Halman’ın, “Cumhuriyet devrinde saray kurulmaz; bu, imparatorluk devrindeydi. Bu bakımdan binaya ‘Atatürk Kültür Merkezi’ adı verilmiştir” açıklamasıyla bina Atatürk Kültür Merkezi olarak yeniden açıldı.
Açılışta Hikmet Şimşek yönetimindeki orkestranın seslendirdiği Yunus Emre Oratoryosu, Othello temsili, Al Yazmalım film gösterimi, İdil Biret resitali, Ruhi Su konseri gerçekleştirildi ve heykelden karikatüre çeşitli sergiler sanatseverle buluştu.
Atatürk Kültür Merkezi, açıldığından bu yana talihsizliklerle boğuştu, boğuşmaya da devam ediyor. Hiçbir zaman beklenen tarihlerde açılamaması ve bir zaman sonra da yıkılma-yenilenme, mimarisinin eleştirilmesi gibi konular tartışılmaya başlandı.
“Projenin bağımsız olması güç odaklarını rahatsız etti”
2005 yılında dönemin Kültür ve Turizm Bakanı Atilla Koç, “Ömrünü tamamladı, yıkılmalı” dedi, sanatçılar ses çıkardı ve konu sessizce kapandı. 2000’li yılların sonlarına doğru, İstanbul’un Avrupa Kültür Başkenti adaylarından olması için birileri uğraşıyordu. Adaylık dosyasına zorla İstanbul’u da ekleyen mimarlık tarihçisi ve yazar Korhan Gümüş ve arkadaşlarından başkası değildi. Gümüş süreci şöyle anlatıyor:
“Bağımsız ve gönüllü bir girişim oluşturduk. Çünkü bunu yapmadan AKM için farklı bir şey yapmak mümkün değildi. Çok zorlu bir mücadele verildi. Bu sayede Başbakan ikna edildi. Ortaya çıkan proje mükemmeldi, çünkü deha düzeyinde uzmanlar çalıştı. Ancak projenin bağımsız ve gönüllü insanlar tarafından yönetilmesi ve geliştirilmesi her zaman olduğu gibi bakanlık etrafında yuvalanmış güç odaklarını rahatsız etti. Bu projeyi kimsenin aklına gelmeyecek bir yöntemle, geçmişte kurul onayı almış bir ‘uyduruk’ projeyi İdare Mahkemesi kararı ile durdurarak engellediler. Yani resmen tuzak kurdular. Bakan da Günay, zannetti ki para bulursa bir adım atabilecek. Bu arada kendisine defalarca söyledim, ‘Bu iş kapalı kapılar ardında olmaz’ diye. Çünkü bu projenin asıl yeniliği yönetimiydi; yani katılımcı, şeffaf ve proje müelliflerinin bağımsız olmasıydı. Bu bildik çevre böylece Erdoğan'ın üzerindeki baskıyı kaldırdı, onu rahatlattı ve o da, ‘Ben bunları biliyorum, onların istediği dilden konuşurum’ dedi ve uygulamayı durdurdu.”
2009 yılında Koruma Kurulu, AKM'nin 'mevcut haliyle onarımı' kararını aldı ve Tabanlıoğlu yeni projeyi hazırladı. Aynı zamanlarda, bir haber yapmak üzere onlarca izinden sonra fotoğrafçı arkadaşımla AKM’ye girdik. Bir görevli bizimle son gelişmeleri paylaşırken bir yandan gezdiriyordu. Kolonların bazıları kırılmış, koltuklar yerinden sökülmüş, yerler kazılmıştı. Görevli bize, “Burası 2010’a yetişmez, çok zor” demişti. Nitekim yetişmedi. Bakanlık işin tamamlanması için sponsorluk arayışına girdi ve Sabancı Vakfı 2012 yılında, konser salonuna isimlerinin verilmesi taahhüdü karşılığında 30 milyon TL destek vereceğini söyledi. Bakanlığın bütçesi ile birlikte 70 milyon bedelle bina yeniden ihaleye açıldı.
“Meydanı meydan yapan bir mücevherdi”
2012 yılında SALT Galata’da mimar Pelin Derviş’in, mimar Gökhan Karakuş ile birlikte açtığı “Modernin İcrası: Atatürk Kültür Merkezi 1946-1977” isimli sergisi, AKM’nin yokluğunda açılan başarılı bir sergiydi. AKM’nin geçmişine bakan ve değerini ortaya koyan sergide; fotoğraflar, temsillerden sesler, broşürler, biletler, videolar, dönemin tanıklarının ses kayıtları gibi farklı materyaller vardı. Pelin Derviş bugün, incelikli restorasyon veya yenileme yöntemleriyle AKM’nin yenilenmesi için gereken bilgi, teknoloji ve donanıma sahip olduğumuzu söylüyor. Ayrıca AKM’ye dair anılarını da dün gibi paylaşıyor:
“AKM bir program olmadığı zamanlarda bile ışığıyla, meydanı meydan yapan bir mücevherdi. Önündeki taşlıkta festival bileti almak için sabahlayanların hafızasındaki yeri başkadır. Kaçırılmamaya özen gösterilen cuma veya cumartesi konserlerinin yeri ayrıdır. Bir etkinliğe bilet almak veya sadece acaba bu ay ne var diye Taksim’den geçerken gişeye uğramanın, afişlere bakmanın, bir broşür alıp çıkmanın heyecanı diye bir şey vardır. Binaya girdiğinizde, mimar olmanıza gerek yok. O zarif, içinden yukarıya yükselen özel ışıklandırma demetiyle, yuvarlak merdiven dikkatinizi çeker. Fuayesinde beklemenin, oradan, o alüminyum cephenin arkasından Taksim’e bakmanın hoşluğu vardır. Büyük Salon sizi bir battaniye gibi sarar. Düşünüldüğünüzü anlarsınız. Bina bu detaylarla doludur. Dolayısıyla AKM; gerek tiyatro, opera, bale ve sanat galerisinin programlarıyla gerek mimarisiyle kentli için saymakla bitmeyecek bir deneyimler bütünü sunar.”
29 Ekim 2013’te AKM’nin perdelerini açacağı kabul ve ilan edildi, çalışmalar başladı. Dönemin Kültür ve Turizm Bakanı Ertuğrul Günay da teslim töreninde oradaydı. Günay, o dönemi şöyle anlatıyor:
"2013 Ocak ayı sonunda görevden ayrılana kadar birkaç kez çalışmaları yerinde gördüm. AKM ve yanında kurulan şantiye ofisine gittim. Yüksek tempolu bir çalışma vardı. Önceki talihsiz gecikmelere rağmen, çalışma artık umut verici bir aşamaya gelmişti.”
2013’ün Ocak ayında böyle bir aşamaya ulaşılmışken, başbakan Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Gezi Parkı direnişi esnasında, “AKM’yi yıkıp yerine opera binası yapacağız” dedi.
“AKM, bir yıl boyunca polis karakoluydu”
Bunun üzerine İstanbul Mimarlar Odası, AKM’nin değerini anlatan bir açıklama yayınladı:
“AKM, Kültür ve Tabiat Varlıkları Koruma Kurulu kararı ile 1. derece anıtsal yapı olarak tescil edilmiş ve güvence altına alınmıştır. AKM sadece bir bölümü verilmeye çalışılan bu değerleri ile ‘kültür varlığı’ olma niteliğini birçok başka yapıdan daha fazla hak etmiş bir yapıdır ve onun ülkenin yaşamından kopartılması tüm bu değerlerin de yok sayılacağı anlamına gelir. Bu yaklaşım, koruma kuramının temel dayanaklarının inkar edilmesidir. Ayrıca Koruma Kurullarının aldıkları tescil kararlarının bu kadar kolayca ve böylesi politik baskı sonucu kaldırılması, her türlü kararın zaman içerisinde tartışmalı olacağı anlamına gelecektir. Bütün bu neden, dayanak ve kararlara rağmen Başbakan'ın AKM'nin yıkılacağı yönünde açıklamalar yapmasını bilimi, hukuku, ve yargı kararlarını yok sayan bir tutum olarak değerlendirmekteyiz.”
Gezi Parkı direnişinin ardından bir yıl boyunca AKM’nin önü polis karakolu olarak kullanıldı. İstanbul Mimarlar Odası, Nisan 2014’te bu duruma karşı suç duyurusunda bulundu fakat Ekim 2014’te kovuşturmaya yer olmadığına karar verildi.
“AKM neden kapalı?”
Bu gelişmenin ardından AKM’deki çalışmalar tamamen durdu. Tüm taraflar sessizleşti. 2015 yılının Mart ayında, AKM’deyiz İnisiyatifi Twitter’da açtığı @AKMdeyiz hesabıyla “AKM neden kapalı?” sorusunu sordu ve kamuoyunun dikkatini çekmeyi başardı.
Aradan sekiz ay geçmişti ki, bir sabah AKM’nin ön cephesinde Ertuğrul 1890 filminin afişini gördük. Boydan boya dev bir afiş asılmıştı. Sanki koca bir billboard muamelesi yapılmıştı. Bir ay kadar afiş orada durdu, sonra kaldırıldı.
Ekim 2016’da Kültür ve Turizm Bakanı Nabi Avcı, katıldığı bir programda ‘o binadan hayır gelmeyeceğini’ şu sözlerle ifade etti: “O binadan hayır gelmeyeceği İTÜ’nün raporundan belli. Rapor olmasa bile çıplak gözle görülüyor zaten. Cumhurbaşkanı da ilan etti, orada İstanbul'a yakışan bir opera binasının yeniden projelendirilmesi ve yapılması gerekiyor. Biz onunla ilgili proje çalışmasını başlattık. Buranın alışveriş merkezi yapılacağına dair iddialar var. Öyle bir şey söz konusu değil, yeni bir opera binası yapılacak."
Ve son olarak geçenlerde Başbakan Binali Yıldırım’ın, “AKM’yi kaldıralım, ne özelliği var o binanın?” cümlesiyle gündem yeniden ateşlendi. Buna karşılık İstanbul Mimarlar Odası Genel Başkanı Eyüp Muhcu da şöyle bir açıklama yaptı:
“AKM’nin değerini Koruma Kurulu tescil ederek ortaya koymuştur. Ayrıca mimarlık, kütür-sanat alanında çalışan bilim insanları, uzmanlar hazırlanan rapor ve düzenlenen belgelerle AKM’nin özelliklerini, değerini bilimsel veriler ortaya koymuştur. AKM’nin bugün işlevisiz hale getirilmesinin sorumlusu AKP iktidarlarıdır. Bir başbakan tarafından AKM’nin değersiz olduğu şeklinde niteleme son derece talihsiz. Bu yapıya politik nedenlerle ya da bölgedeki yüksek rant elde etmek amacıyla karşı çıkabilirsiniz ancak o yapının değersiz olduğunu iddia edemezsiniz.”
Sonuç olarak şu anda AKM’nin akıbetinin ne olacağını kimse bilmiyor. Yenilenmesine dair var olan umut ışıkları da, her geçen gün sönüyor.
İllüstrasyon Özlem Ölçer
Source: Zero
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cOPY/PASTE for you designers....
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Mac keyboards don't have a # ('hash' for the UK, or 'pound' if you're American) key, which is a bit of a problem when you want to type a # symbol. The lack of a dedicated key doesn't mean you can't type the symbol, though – just type [Alt] + [3] or [⌥] + [3] (depending on your keyboard) and the # symbol will appear. NOT TRUE
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A hashtag is a type of label or metadata tag used on social network and microblogging services which makes it easier for users to find messages with a specific theme or content. Users create and use hashtags by placing the hash character
Because of its widespread use, hashtag was added to the Oxford English Dictionary in June 2014.[2][3] The term hashtag can also refer to the hash symbol itself when used in the context of a hashtag.[4]
Origin and use
The pound sign or hash symbol was often used in information technology to highlight a special meaning. (It should be noted that the words "Pound Sign" in the UK refer specifically to currency "£" - extended ASCII character 156 - and not weight.) In 1970 for example, the number sign was used to denote immediate address mode in the assembly language of the PDP-11[5] when placed next to a symbol or a number. In 1978, Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie used # in the C programming language for special keywords that had to be processed first by the C preprocessor.[6] Since before the invention of the hashtag, the pound sign has been called the "hash symbol" in some countries outside of North America.[7][8]
The pound sign appeared and was used by people within IRC networks to label groups and topics.[9] Channels or topics that are available across an entire IRC network are prefixed with a hash symbol # (as opposed to those local to a server, which use an ampersand '&').[10]
The use of the pound sign in IRC inspired[11] Chris Messina to propose a similar system to be used on Twitter to tag topics of interest on the microblogging network.[12] He posted the first hashtag on Twitter:
Messina’s suggestion to use the hashtag was not adopted by Twitter, but the practice took off after hashtags were widely used in tweets relating to the 2007 San Diego forest fires in Southern California.[14][15]
According to Messina, he suggested use of the hashtag to make it easy for "lay" users to search for content and find specific relevant updates; they are for people who do not have the technological knowledge to navigate the site. Therefore, the hashtag “was created organically by Twitter users as a way to categorize messages." [16]
Internationally, the hashtag became a practice of writing style for Twitter posts during the 2009–2010 Iranian election protests; Twitter users inside and outside Iran used both English- and Persian-language hashtags in communications during the events.[17]
The first published use of the term "hash tag" was in a blog post by Stowe Boyd, "Hash Tags = Twitter Groupings,"[18] on August 26, 2007, according to lexicographer Ben Zimmer, chair of the American Dialect Society's New Words Committee.
Beginning July 2, 2009,[19] Twitter began to hyperlink all hashtags in tweets to Twitter search results for the hashtagged word (and for the standard spelling of commonly misspelled words). In 2010, Twitter introduced "Trending Topics" on the Twitter front page, displaying hashtags that are rapidly becoming popular. Twitter has an algorithm to tackle attempts to spam the trending list and ensure that hashtags trend naturally.[20]
Although the hashtag started out most popularly on Twitter as the main social media platform for this use, the use has extended to other social media sites including Instagram, Facebook, Flickr, Tumblr, and Google+.[21]
In China, microblogs Sina Weibo and Tencent Weibo use a double-hashtag #HashName# format, since the lack of spacing between Chinese characters necessitates a closing tag. In contrast, when using Chinese characters (and orthographies with similar spacing conventions) on Twitter, users must insert spacing before and after the hashtagged element (e.g. '我 #爱 你' instead of '我#爱你')[22] or insert a zero-width non-joiner character before and after the hashtagged element, to retain a linguistically natural appearance, such as '我#爱你'.[23]
On microblogging or social networking sites, hashtags can be inserted anywhere within a sentence, either preceding it, following it as a postscript, or being included as a word within the sentence (e.g. "It is #sunny today").
The quantity of hashtags used in a post or tweet is just as important as the types of hashtags used. It is currently considered acceptable to tag a post once when contributing to a specific conversation. Two hashtags are considered acceptable when adding a location to the conversation. Three hashtags are seen by some as the "absolute maximum", and any contribution exceeding this risks "raising the ire of the community."[24]
As well as frustrating other users, the misuse of hashtags can lead to account suspensions. Twitter warns that adding hashtags to unrelated tweets, or repeated use of the same hashtag without adding to a conversation, could cause an account to be filtered from search, or even suspended.[25][not in citation given]
Jimmy Fallon and Justin Timberlake performed a sketch parodying the often misused and misunderstood usage of hashtags on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon in September 2013.[26]
Hashtags are mostly used in unmoderated, ad hoc discussion forums; any combination of characters led by a hash symbol is a hashtag, and any hashtag, if promoted by enough individuals, can "trend" and attract more individual users to discussion. On Twitter, when a hashtag becomes extremely popular, it will appear in the "Trending Topics" area of a user's homepage. The trending topics can be organized by geographic area or by all of Twitter. Hashtags are neither registered nor controlled by any one user or group of users. They cannot be "retired" from public usage, meaning that any given hashtag can theoretically be used in perpetuity. They do not contain any set definitions, meaning that a single hashtag can be used for any number of purposes, as chosen by those who make use of them.
Hashtags intended for discussion of a particular event tend to use an obscure wording to avoid being caught up with generic conversations on similar subjects, such as a cake festival using #cakefestival rather than simply #cake. However, this can also make it difficult for topics to become "trending topics" because people often use different spelling or words to refer to the same topic. In order for topics to trend, there has to be a consensus, whether silent or stated, that the hashtag refers to that specific topic.
Hashtags also function as beacons in order for users to find and "follow" (subscribe) or "list" (organize into public contact lists) other users of similar interest.
In recent years, broadcasters such as Channel 4 have employed the hashtag during the airing of programmes such as First Dates and The Undateables. Research has shown that audience numbers go up when individuals can be interactive - by tweeting while viewing a programme on TV.
Hashtags can be used on the social network Instagram, by posting a picture and hashtagging it with its subject. As an example, a photo of oneself and a friend posted to the social network can be hashtagged #bffl or #friends. Instagram has banned certain hashtags, some because they are too generic, such as #photography #iPhone #iphoneography, and therefore do not fulfill a purpose. They have also blocked hashtags that can be linked to illegal activities, such as drug use.[27] The ban against certain hashtags has a consequential role in the way that particular subaltern communities are built and maintained on Instagram. Despite Instagram's content policies, users are finding creative ways of maintaining their practices and ultimately circumventing censorship.[28]
Hashtags are also used informally to express context around a given message, with no intent to categorize the message for later searching, sharing, or other reasons. One of the functions of the hashtag is to serve as a reflexive meta-commentary, which contributes to the idea of how written communication in new media can be paralleled to how pragmatic methodology is applied to speech.[29]
This can help express contextual cues or offer more depth to the information or message that appears with the hashtag. "My arms are getting darker by the minute. #toomuchfaketan". Another function of the hashtag can be used to express personal feelings and emotions. For example, with "It's Monday!! #excited #sarcasm" in which the adjectives are directly indicating the emotions of the speaker. It can also be used as a disclaimer of the information that the hashtag accompanies, as in, "BREAKING: US GDP growth is back! #kidding". In this case, the hashtag provides an essential piece of information in which the meaning of the utterance is changed entirely by the disclaimer hashtag. This may also be conveyed with #sarcasm, as in the previous example. Self-mockery is another informal function of the hashtag used by writers, as in this tweet: "Feeling great about myself till I met an old friend who now races at the Master's level. Yup, there's today's #lessoninhumility," where the informality of the hashtag provides commentary on the tweet itself.[30]
The feature has been added to other, non-short-message-oriented services, such as the user comment systems on YouTube and Gawker Media. In the case of the latter, hashtags for blog comments and directly submitted comments are used to maintain a more constant rate of user activity even when paid employees are not logged into the website.[31][32] Real-time search aggregators such as the former Google Real-Time Search also support hashtags in syndicated posts, meaning that hashtags inserted into Twitter posts can be hyperlinked to incoming posts falling under that same hashtag; this has further enabled a view of the "river" of Twitter posts that can result from search terms or hashtags.[citation needed]
The use of hashtags has extended to television—a concept that began rising in prominence in the early 2010s. Broadcasters may display a hashtag as an on-screen bug, encouraging viewers to participate in a backchannel of discussion via social media prior to, during, or after the program. Television commercials have sometimes contained hashtags for similar purposes.[33] Hashtag bugs appear on either corner of the screen, or they may appear at the end of an advertisement.[34]
While personalities associated with broadcasts, such as hosts and correspondents, also promote their corporate or personal Twitter usernames in order to receive mentions and replies to posts, usage of related or "branded" hashtags alongside Twitter usernames (e.g., #edshow as well as @edshow) is increasingly encouraged as a microblogging style in order to "trend" the hashtag (and, hence, the discussion topic) in Twitter and other search engines. Broadcasters also make use of such a style in order to index select posts for live broadcast. Chloe Sladden, Twitter's director of media partnerships, identified two types of television-formatted usage of hashtags: hashtags which identify a series being broadcast (i.e. #SunnyFX) and instantaneous, "temporary" hashtags issued by television personalities to gauge topical responses from viewers during broadcasts.[35] Some have speculated that hashtags might take the place of (or co-exist with) the Nielsen television ratings system.[36]
An example of trending "temporary" hashtags garnering viewers during broadcasts is observed on The Tonight Show with Jimmy Fallon, a variety talk show on NBC. Every Wednesday, Fallon hosts a segment on his show called "Tonight Show Hashtags," which engages viewers by inviting them via Twitter to post humorous stories based on a specific hashtag topic, such as #WhydidIsaythat, #Worstfirstdate, to #Onetimeinclass, reflecting on funny experiences in daily life. By using hashtags, Fallon creates a sense of community and solidarity among his viewers and draws a wider range of viewers through an online platform while they watch a classic, non-interactive television program. Because of its popularity, the "Tonight Show Hashtags" are usually the 'most tweeted hashtag' on Twitter, which promotes the show. By engaging viewers with a lighthearted subject and simple hashtags, Fallon can gauge topical responses from viewers during broadcasts and also use the hashtags to brand his show.[citation needed]
The increased usage of hashtags as brand promotion devices has been compared to the promotion of branded "keywords" by AOL in the late 1990s and early 2000s, as such keywords were also promoted at the end of television commercials and series episodes.[37]
The late-night television comedy game show @midnight with Chris Hardwick on Comedy Central features a daily game entitled "Hashtag Wars," in which three comedians compete against one another to come up with phrases based on a given hashtag theme.
Some hashtags have become famous worldwide. For instance the slogan "Je suis Charlie," which was first used on Twitter as the hashtag #jesuischarlie and #iamcharlie to indicate solidarity with Charlie Hebdo offices attacked in Paris, spread to the internet at large.
Since February 2013 Twitter and American Express have collaborated to enable users to pay for discounted goods online by tweeting a special hashtag.[38] American Express members can sync their card with Twitter and pay for offers by tweeting; American Express tweets a response to the member that confirms the purchase.[39]
Organized real-world events have used hashtags and ad hoc lists for discussion and promotion among participants. Hashtags are used as beacons by event participants in order to find each other, both on Twitter and, in many cases, during actual physical events.
Companies and advocacy organizations have taken advantage of hashtag-based discussions for promotion of their products, services or campaigns.
Political protests and campaigns in the early 2010s, such as #OccupyWallStreet and #LibyaFeb17, have been organized around hashtags or have made extensive usage of hashtags for the promotion of discussion.
Hashtags are often used by consumers on social media platforms in order to complain about the customer service experience with large companies. The term "bashtag" has been created to describe situations in which a user refers to a corporate social media hashtag in order to criticise the company or to tell others about poor customer service. For example, in January 2012, McDonald's created the #McDStories hashtag so that customers could share positive experiences about the restaurant chain. But, the marketing effort was cancelled after two hours when McDonald's received numerous complaint tweets rather than the positive stories they were anticipating.[40]
The use of hashtags also reveals what feelings or sentiment an author attaches to a statement. This can range from the obvious, where a hashtag directly describes the state of mind, to the less obvious. For example, words in hashtags are the strongest predictor of whether or not a statement is sarcastic.[41]—a difficult AI problem.[42]
The YouTuber Spencer FC used the hashtag for the name and crest of his YouTube-based association football team, Hashtag United.
During the April 2011 Canadian party leader debate, Jack Layton, then-leader of the New Democratic Party, referred to Conservative Prime Minister Stephen Harper's crime policies as "a hashtag fail" (presumably #fail).[43][44]
The term "hashtag rap", coined by Kanye West,[45] was developed in the 2010s to describe a style of rapping which, according to Rizoh of the Houston Press, uses "three main ingredients: a metaphor, a pause, and a one-word punch line, often placed at the end of a rhyme".[46] Rappers Nicki Minaj, Big Sean, Drake, and Lil Wayne are credited with the popularization of hashtag rap, while the style has been criticized by Ludacris, The Lonely Island,[47] and various music writers.[48]
On September 13, 2013, a hashtag, #TwitterIPO, appeared in the headline of a New York Times front page article regarding Twitter's initial public offering.[49]
Bird's Eye foods released in 2014 a shaped mashed potato food that included forms of @-symbols and hashtags, called "Mashtags".[50]
In May 2014, Twitter users began using the hashtag #YesAllWomen to raise awareness about personal experiences of sexism and violence against women.[51]
In September 2014, in response to the "blame the victim" public reactions to videotaped footage of NFL player Ray Rice assaulting his then-fiancée Janay Palmer in the elevator of an Atlantic City casino, Beverly Gooden shared on Twitter her own story of domestic abuse, using the hashtag #WhyIStayed, and encouraged others to share theirs.[52][53]
Hashtags have been used verbally to make a humorous point in informal conversations,[54] such as "I’m hashtag confused!"[30] In August 2012, British journalist Tom Meltzer reported in The Guardian about a new hand gesture that mimicked the hashtag, sometimes called the "finger hashtag", in which both hands form a peace sign, and then the fingers are crossed to form the symbol of a hashtag.[55] The emerging gesture was reported about in Wired by Nimrod Kamer,[56] and during 2013, it was seen on TV as used by Jimmy Fallon, and on The Colbert Report, among other programs.[57] Writing in 2015, Paola Maria Caleff considered this usage a fad, but noted that people talking the way that they write was a consequence of computer-mediated communication.[30]
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Mac keyboards don't have a # ('hash' for the UK, or 'pound' if you're American) key, which is a bit of a problem when you want to type a # symbol. The lack of a dedicated key doesn't mean you can't type the symbol, though – just type [Alt] + [3] or [⌥] + [3] (depending on your keyboard) and the # symbol will appear. NOT TRUE
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Hashtag
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
A sign suggesting the use of a #TimeToAct hashtag at a 2014 conference
A hashtag is a type of label or metadata tag used on social network and microblogging services which makes it easier for users to find messages with a specific theme or content. Users create and use hashtags by placing the hash character
# (also known as the number sign or pound sign) in front of a word or unspaced phrase, either in the main text of a message or at the end. Searching for that hashtag will yield each message that has been tagged with it. A hashtag archive is consequently collected into a single stream under the same hashtag.[1] For example, on the photo-sharing service Instagram, the hashtag #bluesky allows users to find all the posts that have been tagged using that hashtag.Because of its widespread use, hashtag was added to the Oxford English Dictionary in June 2014.[2][3] The term hashtag can also refer to the hash symbol itself when used in the context of a hashtag.[4]
Origin and use
The pound sign or hash symbol was often used in information technology to highlight a special meaning. (It should be noted that the words "Pound Sign" in the UK refer specifically to currency "£" - extended ASCII character 156 - and not weight.) In 1970 for example, the number sign was used to denote immediate address mode in the assembly language of the PDP-11[5] when placed next to a symbol or a number. In 1978, Brian Kernighan and Dennis Ritchie used # in the C programming language for special keywords that had to be processed first by the C preprocessor.[6] Since before the invention of the hashtag, the pound sign has been called the "hash symbol" in some countries outside of North America.[7][8]
The pound sign appeared and was used by people within IRC networks to label groups and topics.[9] Channels or topics that are available across an entire IRC network are prefixed with a hash symbol # (as opposed to those local to a server, which use an ampersand '&').[10]
The use of the pound sign in IRC inspired[11] Chris Messina to propose a similar system to be used on Twitter to tag topics of interest on the microblogging network.[12] He posted the first hashtag on Twitter:
How do you feel about using # (pound) for groups. As in #barcamp [msg]?
— Chris Messina, ("factoryjoe"), August 23, 2007[13]
Messina’s suggestion to use the hashtag was not adopted by Twitter, but the practice took off after hashtags were widely used in tweets relating to the 2007 San Diego forest fires in Southern California.[14][15]
According to Messina, he suggested use of the hashtag to make it easy for "lay" users to search for content and find specific relevant updates; they are for people who do not have the technological knowledge to navigate the site. Therefore, the hashtag “was created organically by Twitter users as a way to categorize messages." [16]
Internationally, the hashtag became a practice of writing style for Twitter posts during the 2009–2010 Iranian election protests; Twitter users inside and outside Iran used both English- and Persian-language hashtags in communications during the events.[17]
The first published use of the term "hash tag" was in a blog post by Stowe Boyd, "Hash Tags = Twitter Groupings,"[18] on August 26, 2007, according to lexicographer Ben Zimmer, chair of the American Dialect Society's New Words Committee.
Beginning July 2, 2009,[19] Twitter began to hyperlink all hashtags in tweets to Twitter search results for the hashtagged word (and for the standard spelling of commonly misspelled words). In 2010, Twitter introduced "Trending Topics" on the Twitter front page, displaying hashtags that are rapidly becoming popular. Twitter has an algorithm to tackle attempts to spam the trending list and ensure that hashtags trend naturally.[20]
Although the hashtag started out most popularly on Twitter as the main social media platform for this use, the use has extended to other social media sites including Instagram, Facebook, Flickr, Tumblr, and Google+.[21]
In China, microblogs Sina Weibo and Tencent Weibo use a double-hashtag #HashName# format, since the lack of spacing between Chinese characters necessitates a closing tag. In contrast, when using Chinese characters (and orthographies with similar spacing conventions) on Twitter, users must insert spacing before and after the hashtagged element (e.g. '我 #爱 你' instead of '我#爱你')[22] or insert a zero-width non-joiner character before and after the hashtagged element, to retain a linguistically natural appearance, such as '我#爱你'.[23]
Style
On microblogging or social networking sites, hashtags can be inserted anywhere within a sentence, either preceding it, following it as a postscript, or being included as a word within the sentence (e.g. "It is #sunny today").
The quantity of hashtags used in a post or tweet is just as important as the types of hashtags used. It is currently considered acceptable to tag a post once when contributing to a specific conversation. Two hashtags are considered acceptable when adding a location to the conversation. Three hashtags are seen by some as the "absolute maximum", and any contribution exceeding this risks "raising the ire of the community."[24]
As well as frustrating other users, the misuse of hashtags can lead to account suspensions. Twitter warns that adding hashtags to unrelated tweets, or repeated use of the same hashtag without adding to a conversation, could cause an account to be filtered from search, or even suspended.[25][not in citation given]
Jimmy Fallon and Justin Timberlake performed a sketch parodying the often misused and misunderstood usage of hashtags on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon in September 2013.[26]
Function
Search bar in the header of a social networking site, searching for most recent posts containing the hashtag #science
Hashtags are mostly used in unmoderated, ad hoc discussion forums; any combination of characters led by a hash symbol is a hashtag, and any hashtag, if promoted by enough individuals, can "trend" and attract more individual users to discussion. On Twitter, when a hashtag becomes extremely popular, it will appear in the "Trending Topics" area of a user's homepage. The trending topics can be organized by geographic area or by all of Twitter. Hashtags are neither registered nor controlled by any one user or group of users. They cannot be "retired" from public usage, meaning that any given hashtag can theoretically be used in perpetuity. They do not contain any set definitions, meaning that a single hashtag can be used for any number of purposes, as chosen by those who make use of them.
Hashtags intended for discussion of a particular event tend to use an obscure wording to avoid being caught up with generic conversations on similar subjects, such as a cake festival using #cakefestival rather than simply #cake. However, this can also make it difficult for topics to become "trending topics" because people often use different spelling or words to refer to the same topic. In order for topics to trend, there has to be a consensus, whether silent or stated, that the hashtag refers to that specific topic.
Hashtags also function as beacons in order for users to find and "follow" (subscribe) or "list" (organize into public contact lists) other users of similar interest.
In recent years, broadcasters such as Channel 4 have employed the hashtag during the airing of programmes such as First Dates and The Undateables. Research has shown that audience numbers go up when individuals can be interactive - by tweeting while viewing a programme on TV.
Hashtags can be used on the social network Instagram, by posting a picture and hashtagging it with its subject. As an example, a photo of oneself and a friend posted to the social network can be hashtagged #bffl or #friends. Instagram has banned certain hashtags, some because they are too generic, such as #photography #iPhone #iphoneography, and therefore do not fulfill a purpose. They have also blocked hashtags that can be linked to illegal activities, such as drug use.[27] The ban against certain hashtags has a consequential role in the way that particular subaltern communities are built and maintained on Instagram. Despite Instagram's content policies, users are finding creative ways of maintaining their practices and ultimately circumventing censorship.[28]
Hashtags are also used informally to express context around a given message, with no intent to categorize the message for later searching, sharing, or other reasons. One of the functions of the hashtag is to serve as a reflexive meta-commentary, which contributes to the idea of how written communication in new media can be paralleled to how pragmatic methodology is applied to speech.[29]
This can help express contextual cues or offer more depth to the information or message that appears with the hashtag. "My arms are getting darker by the minute. #toomuchfaketan". Another function of the hashtag can be used to express personal feelings and emotions. For example, with "It's Monday!! #excited #sarcasm" in which the adjectives are directly indicating the emotions of the speaker. It can also be used as a disclaimer of the information that the hashtag accompanies, as in, "BREAKING: US GDP growth is back! #kidding". In this case, the hashtag provides an essential piece of information in which the meaning of the utterance is changed entirely by the disclaimer hashtag. This may also be conveyed with #sarcasm, as in the previous example. Self-mockery is another informal function of the hashtag used by writers, as in this tweet: "Feeling great about myself till I met an old friend who now races at the Master's level. Yup, there's today's #lessoninhumility," where the informality of the hashtag provides commentary on the tweet itself.[30]
Other uses
The feature has been added to other, non-short-message-oriented services, such as the user comment systems on YouTube and Gawker Media. In the case of the latter, hashtags for blog comments and directly submitted comments are used to maintain a more constant rate of user activity even when paid employees are not logged into the website.[31][32] Real-time search aggregators such as the former Google Real-Time Search also support hashtags in syndicated posts, meaning that hashtags inserted into Twitter posts can be hyperlinked to incoming posts falling under that same hashtag; this has further enabled a view of the "river" of Twitter posts that can result from search terms or hashtags.[citation needed]
Uses
Broadcast media
The use of hashtags has extended to television—a concept that began rising in prominence in the early 2010s. Broadcasters may display a hashtag as an on-screen bug, encouraging viewers to participate in a backchannel of discussion via social media prior to, during, or after the program. Television commercials have sometimes contained hashtags for similar purposes.[33] Hashtag bugs appear on either corner of the screen, or they may appear at the end of an advertisement.[34]
While personalities associated with broadcasts, such as hosts and correspondents, also promote their corporate or personal Twitter usernames in order to receive mentions and replies to posts, usage of related or "branded" hashtags alongside Twitter usernames (e.g., #edshow as well as @edshow) is increasingly encouraged as a microblogging style in order to "trend" the hashtag (and, hence, the discussion topic) in Twitter and other search engines. Broadcasters also make use of such a style in order to index select posts for live broadcast. Chloe Sladden, Twitter's director of media partnerships, identified two types of television-formatted usage of hashtags: hashtags which identify a series being broadcast (i.e. #SunnyFX) and instantaneous, "temporary" hashtags issued by television personalities to gauge topical responses from viewers during broadcasts.[35] Some have speculated that hashtags might take the place of (or co-exist with) the Nielsen television ratings system.[36]
An example of trending "temporary" hashtags garnering viewers during broadcasts is observed on The Tonight Show with Jimmy Fallon, a variety talk show on NBC. Every Wednesday, Fallon hosts a segment on his show called "Tonight Show Hashtags," which engages viewers by inviting them via Twitter to post humorous stories based on a specific hashtag topic, such as #WhydidIsaythat, #Worstfirstdate, to #Onetimeinclass, reflecting on funny experiences in daily life. By using hashtags, Fallon creates a sense of community and solidarity among his viewers and draws a wider range of viewers through an online platform while they watch a classic, non-interactive television program. Because of its popularity, the "Tonight Show Hashtags" are usually the 'most tweeted hashtag' on Twitter, which promotes the show. By engaging viewers with a lighthearted subject and simple hashtags, Fallon can gauge topical responses from viewers during broadcasts and also use the hashtags to brand his show.[citation needed]
The increased usage of hashtags as brand promotion devices has been compared to the promotion of branded "keywords" by AOL in the late 1990s and early 2000s, as such keywords were also promoted at the end of television commercials and series episodes.[37]
The late-night television comedy game show @midnight with Chris Hardwick on Comedy Central features a daily game entitled "Hashtag Wars," in which three comedians compete against one another to come up with phrases based on a given hashtag theme.
Some hashtags have become famous worldwide. For instance the slogan "Je suis Charlie," which was first used on Twitter as the hashtag #jesuischarlie and #iamcharlie to indicate solidarity with Charlie Hebdo offices attacked in Paris, spread to the internet at large.
Purchasing
Since February 2013 Twitter and American Express have collaborated to enable users to pay for discounted goods online by tweeting a special hashtag.[38] American Express members can sync their card with Twitter and pay for offers by tweeting; American Express tweets a response to the member that confirms the purchase.[39]
Event promotion
Organized real-world events have used hashtags and ad hoc lists for discussion and promotion among participants. Hashtags are used as beacons by event participants in order to find each other, both on Twitter and, in many cases, during actual physical events.
Companies and advocacy organizations have taken advantage of hashtag-based discussions for promotion of their products, services or campaigns.
Political protests and campaigns in the early 2010s, such as #OccupyWallStreet and #LibyaFeb17, have been organized around hashtags or have made extensive usage of hashtags for the promotion of discussion.
Consumer complaints
Hashtags are often used by consumers on social media platforms in order to complain about the customer service experience with large companies. The term "bashtag" has been created to describe situations in which a user refers to a corporate social media hashtag in order to criticise the company or to tell others about poor customer service. For example, in January 2012, McDonald's created the #McDStories hashtag so that customers could share positive experiences about the restaurant chain. But, the marketing effort was cancelled after two hours when McDonald's received numerous complaint tweets rather than the positive stories they were anticipating.[40]
Sentiment analysis
The use of hashtags also reveals what feelings or sentiment an author attaches to a statement. This can range from the obvious, where a hashtag directly describes the state of mind, to the less obvious. For example, words in hashtags are the strongest predictor of whether or not a statement is sarcastic.[41]—a difficult AI problem.[42]
Sports
The YouTuber Spencer FC used the hashtag for the name and crest of his YouTube-based association football team, Hashtag United.
In popular culture
During the April 2011 Canadian party leader debate, Jack Layton, then-leader of the New Democratic Party, referred to Conservative Prime Minister Stephen Harper's crime policies as "a hashtag fail" (presumably #fail).[43][44]
The term "hashtag rap", coined by Kanye West,[45] was developed in the 2010s to describe a style of rapping which, according to Rizoh of the Houston Press, uses "three main ingredients: a metaphor, a pause, and a one-word punch line, often placed at the end of a rhyme".[46] Rappers Nicki Minaj, Big Sean, Drake, and Lil Wayne are credited with the popularization of hashtag rap, while the style has been criticized by Ludacris, The Lonely Island,[47] and various music writers.[48]
On September 13, 2013, a hashtag, #TwitterIPO, appeared in the headline of a New York Times front page article regarding Twitter's initial public offering.[49]
Bird's Eye foods released in 2014 a shaped mashed potato food that included forms of @-symbols and hashtags, called "Mashtags".[50]
In May 2014, Twitter users began using the hashtag #YesAllWomen to raise awareness about personal experiences of sexism and violence against women.[51]
In September 2014, in response to the "blame the victim" public reactions to videotaped footage of NFL player Ray Rice assaulting his then-fiancée Janay Palmer in the elevator of an Atlantic City casino, Beverly Gooden shared on Twitter her own story of domestic abuse, using the hashtag #WhyIStayed, and encouraged others to share theirs.[52][53]
Hashtags have been used verbally to make a humorous point in informal conversations,[54] such as "I’m hashtag confused!"[30] In August 2012, British journalist Tom Meltzer reported in The Guardian about a new hand gesture that mimicked the hashtag, sometimes called the "finger hashtag", in which both hands form a peace sign, and then the fingers are crossed to form the symbol of a hashtag.[55] The emerging gesture was reported about in Wired by Nimrod Kamer,[56] and during 2013, it was seen on TV as used by Jimmy Fallon, and on The Colbert Report, among other programs.[57] Writing in 2015, Paola Maria Caleff considered this usage a fad, but noted that people talking the way that they write was a consequence of computer-mediated communication.[30]
Adaptations
- Hashflags: In 2010, Twitter introduced "hashflags" during the 2010 World Cup in South Africa.[58] They reintroduced the feature on June 10, 2014, in time for the 2014 World Cup in Brazil,[59][60] and then again on April 10, 2015, with UK political party logos for the 2015 UK General Election.[61] When a user tweets a hashtag consisting of the three letter country code of any of the 32 countries represented in the tournament, Twitter automatically embeds a flag emoticon for that country.
- Cashtags: In 2009, StockTwits used ticker symbols preceded by the dollar sign to create "cashtags".[62][63] In July 2012, Twitter adapted the hashtag style to make company ticker symbols preceded by the dollar sign clickable (as in $AAPL), a method that Twitter dubbed the "cashtag".[64][65] This is intended to allow users to search posts discussing companies and their stocks. This is also used for discussion of currency fluctuations on twitter, eg. using #USDGBP or $USDGBP when mentioning the US Dollar's level expressed in Pounds Sterling.